4.22 Classifying characters

SWI-Prolog offers two comprehensive predicates for classifying characters and character-codes. These predicates are defined as built-in predicates to exploit the C-character classification's handling of locale (handling of local character-sets). These predicates are fast, logical and deterministic if applicable.

In addition, there is the library library(ctype) providing compatibility to some other Prolog systems. The predicates of this library are defined in terms of code_type/2.

char_type(?Char, ?Type)

Tests or generates alternative Types or Chars. The character-types are inspired by the standard C <ctype.h> primitives.

alnum

Char is a letter (upper- or lowercase) or digit.

alpha

Char is a letter (upper- or lowercase).

csym

Char is a letter (upper- or lowercase), digit or the underscore (_). These are valid C- and Prolog symbol characters.

csymf

Char is a letter (upper- or lowercase) or the underscore (_). These are valid first characters for C- and Prolog symbols

ascii

Char is a 7-bits ASCII character (0..127).

white

Char is a space or tab. E.i. white space inside a line.

cntrl

Char is an ASCII control-character (0..31).

digit

Char is a digit.

digit(Weigth)

Char is a digit with value Weigth. I.e. char_type(X, digit(6) yields X = '6'. Useful for parsing numbers.

xdigit(Weigth)

Char is a hexa-decimal digit with value Weigth. I.e. char_type(a, xdigit(X) yields X = '10'. Useful for parsing numbers.

graph

Char produces a visible mark on a page when printed. Note that the space is not included!

lower

Char is a lower-case letter.

lower(Upper)

Char is a lower-case version of Upper. Only true if Char is lowercase and Upper uppercase.

to_lower(Upper)

Char is a lower-case version of Upper. For non-letters, or letter without case, Char and Lower are the same. See also upcase_atom/2 and downcase_atom/2.

upper

Char is an upper-case letter.

upper(Lower)

Char is an upper-case version of Lower. Only true if Char is uppercase and Lower lowercase.

to_upper(Lower)

Char is an upper-case version of Lower. For non-letters, or letter without case, Char and Lower are the same. See also upcase_atom/2 and downcase_atom/2.

punct

Char is a punctuation character. This is a graph character that is not a letter or digit.

space

Char is some form of layout character (tab, vertical-tab, newline, etc.).

end_of_file

Char is -1.

end_of_line

Char ends a line (ASCII: 10..13).

newline

Char is a the newline character (10).

period

Char counts as the end of a sentence (.,!,?).

quote

Char is a quote-character (", ', `).

paren(Close)

Char is an open-parenthesis and Close is the corresponding close-parenthesis.

code_type(?Code, ?Type)

As char_type/2, but uses character-codes rather than one-character atoms. Please note that both predicates are as flexible as possible. They handle either representation if the argument is instantiated and only will instantiate with an integer code or one-character atom depending of the version used. See also the prolog-flag double_quotes, atom_chars/2 and atom_codes/2.

4.22.1 Case conversion

There is nothing in the Prolog standard for converting case in textual data. The SWI-Prolog predicates code_type/2 and char_type/2 can be used to test and convert individual characters. We have started some additional support:

downcase_atom(+AnyCase, -LowerCase)

Converts the characters of AnyCase into lowercase as char_type/2 does (i.e. based on the defined locale if Prolog provides locale support on the hosting platform) and unifies the lowercase atom with LowerCase.

upcase_atom(+AnyCase, -UpperCase)

Converts, similar to downcase_atom/2, an atom to upper-case.