SWI-Prolog 6.3.4 Reference Manual: Section A.12

A.12 library(lists): List Manipulation

Compatibility: Virtually every Prolog system has library(lists), but the set of provided predicates is diverse. There is a fair agreement on the semantics of most of these predicates, although error handling may vary.

This library provides commonly accepted basic predicates for list manipulation in the Prolog community. Some additional list manipulations are built-in. See e.g., memberchk/2, length/2.

The implementation of this library is copied from many places. These include: "The Craft of Prolog", the DEC-10 Prolog library (LISTRO.PL) and the YAP lists library. Some predicates are reimplemented based on their specification by Quintus and SICStus.

member(?Elem, ?List)

True if Elem is a member of List. The SWI-Prolog definition differs from the classical one. Our definition avoids unpacking each list element twice and provides determinism on the last element. E.g. this is deterministic:

    member(X, [One]).

author: Gertjan van Noord

append(?List1, ?List2, ?List1AndList2)

List1AndList2 is the concatenation of List1 and List2

append(+ListOfLists, ?List)

Concatenate a list of lists. Is true if ListOfLists is a list of lists, and List is the concatenation of these lists.

ListOfLists

must be a list of possibly partial lists

prefix(?Part, ?Whole)

True iff Part is a leading substring of Whole. This is the same as append(Part, _, Whole).

select(?Elem, ?List1, ?List2)

Is true when List1, with Elem removed, results in List2.

[semidet]selectchk(+Elem, +List, -Rest)

Semi-deterministic removal of first element in List that unifies with Elem.

[nondet]select(?X, ?XList, ?Y, ?YList)

Select two elements from two lists at the same place. True when select(X, XList) and select(Y, YList) are true, X and Y appear in the same locations of their respective lists and same_length(XList, YList) is true. A typical use for this predicate is to replace an element:

?- select(b, [a,b,c], 2, X).
X = [a, 2, c] ;
X = [a, b, c].

[semidet]selectchk(?X, ?XList, ?Y, ?YList)

Semi-deterministic version of select/4.

nextto(?X, ?Y, ?List)

True if Y follows X in List.

[det]delete(+List1, @Elem, -List2)

Delete matching elements from a list. True when List2 is a list with all elements from List1 except for those that unify with Elem. Matching Elem with elements of List1 is uses \+ Elem \= H, which implies that Elem is not changed.

See also: select/3, subtract/3.
deprecated: There are too many ways in which one might want to delete elements from a list to justify the name. Think of matching (= vs. ==), delete first/all, be deterministic or not.

nth0(?Index, ?List, ?Elem)

True when Elem is the Index'th element of List. Counting starts at 0.

Errors: type_error(integer, Index) if Index is not an integer or unbound.
See also: nth1/3.

nth1(?Index, ?List, ?Elem)

Is true when Elem is the Index'th element of List. Counting starts at 1.

See also: nth0/3.

[det]nth0(?N, ?List, ?Elem, ?Rest)

Select/insert element at index. True when Elem is the N'th (0-based) element of List and Rest is the remainder (as in by select/3) of List. For example:

?- nth0(I, [a,b,c], E, R).
I = 0, E = a, R = [b, c] ;
I = 1, E = b, R = [a, c] ;
I = 2, E = c, R = [a, b] ;
false.

?- nth0(1, L, a1, [a,b]).
L = [a, a1, b].

[det]nth1(?N, ?List, ?Elem, ?Rest)

As nth0/4, but counting starts at 1.

last(?List, ?Last)

Succeeds when Last is the last element of List. This predicate is semidet if List is a list and multi if List is a partial list.

Compatibility: There is no de-facto standard for the argument order of last/2. Be careful when porting code or use append(_, [Last], List) as a portable alternative.

[semidet]proper_length(@List, -Length)

True when Length is the number of elements in the proper list List. This is equivalent to

proper_length(List, Length) :-
      is_list(List),
      length(List, Length).

same_length(?List1, ?List2)

Is true when List1 and List2 are lists with the same number of elements. The predicate is deterministic if at least one of the arguments is a proper list. It is non-deterministic if both arguments are partial lists.

See also: length/2

reverse(?List1, ?List2)

Is true when the elements of List2 are in reverse order compared to List1.

[nondet]permutation(?Xs, ?Ys)

True when Xs is a permutation of Ys. This can solve for Ys given Xs or Xs given Ys, or even enumerate Xs and Ys together. The predicate permutation/2 is primarily intended to generate permutations. Note that a list of length N has N! permutations, and unbounded permutation generation becomes prohibitively expensive, even for rather short lists (10! = 3,628,800).

If both Xs and Ys are provided and both lists have equal length the order is |Xs|^2. Simply testing whether Xs is a permutation of Ys can be achieved in order log(|Xs|) using msort/2 as illustrated below with the semidet predicate is_permutation/2:

is_permutation(Xs, Ys) :-
  msort(Xs, Sorted),
  msort(Ys, Sorted).

The example below illustrates that Xs and Ys being proper lists is not a sufficient condition to use the above replacement.

?- permutation([1,2], [X,Y]).
X = 1, Y = 2 ;
X = 2, Y = 1 ;
false.

Errors: type_error(list, Arg) if either argument is not a proper or partial list.

[det]flatten(+List1, ?List2)

Is true if List2 is a non-nested version of List1.

See also: append/2
deprecated: Ending up needing flatten/3 often indicates, like append/3 for appending two lists, a bad design. Efficient code that generates lists from generated small lists must use difference lists, often possible through grammar rules for optimal readability.

[semidet]max_member(-Max, +List)

True when Max is the largest member in the standard order of terms. Fails if List is empty.

See also: - compare/3
- max_list/2 for the maximum of a list of numbers.

[semidet]min_member(-Min, +List)

True when Min is the smallest member in the standard order of terms. Fails if List is empty.

See also: - compare/3
- min_list/2 for the minimum of a list of numbers.

[det]sum_list(+List, -Sum)

Sum is the result of adding all numbers in List.

[semidet]max_list(+List:list(number), -Max:number)

True if Max is the largest number in List. Fails if List is empty.

See also: max_member/2.

[semidet]min_list(+List:list(number), -Min:number)

True if Min is the smallest number in List. Fails if List is empty.

See also: min_member/2.

[semidet]numlist(+Low, +High, -List)

List is a list [Low, Low+1, ... High]. Fails if High < Low.

Errors: - type_error(integer, Low)
- type_error(integer, High)

[det]is_set(@Set)

True if Set is a proper list without duplicates. Equivalence is based on ==/2. The implementation uses sort/2, which implies that the complexity is N*log(N) and the predicate may cause a resource-error. There are no other error conditions.

[det]list_to_set(+List, ?Set)

True when Set has the same elements as List in the same order. The left-most copy of the duplicate is retained. The complexity of this operation is |List|^2.